Each point on the wavefront emits a wave at speed, v. Huygens' Principle and Reflection/Refraction The laws of reflection and refraction can both be derived from Huygens' principle. Huygens' principle must be modified to accommodate the case in which a wavefront, such as AC, encounters a plane interface, such as XY, at an angle. Huygens’s Principle.


The figure illustrates Huygens' construction for a narrow, parallel beam of light to prove the law of reflection. When we derive Snell's law using Huygen's principle, after refraction, we draw a perpendicular line from the point of intersection of the second light ray with the refracting surface to the first, writing the distance intercepted on the first light ray as $ v_2t $. Figure 1 shows a simple example of the Huygens’s Principle of diffraction. Points along the wavefront are treated as sources along the surface of the refractive medium, at which point the overall wave bends based upon the new medium. So the laws of refraction state that the angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal and the angle of refraction is the angle between the refracted ray and the normal. Huygens' principle states that: Every point on a wave-front may be considered a source of secondary spherical wavelets which spread out in the forward direction at the speed of light.

Refraction using Huygen’s principle We know that when a light travels from one transparent medium to another transparent medium its path changes. The Huygen's principle can be obtained from the Maxwell equations, please see Guillemin Sternberg's course Semi-classical analysis section 14.9.

Law of Reflection from Huygens' Principle. The principle can be shown with the equation below: [latex]\text{s}=\text{vt}[/latex], where s is the distance, v is the propagation speed, and t is time. The new wave-front is the tangential surface to all of these secondary wavelets. The derivation is based upon the following: In free space any component of the Maxwell field satisfies the (scalar) wave equation.


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